Thymosin Beta-4

Key Benefits#

• Systemic tissue repair and regeneration
• Promotes cardiac recovery after myocardial infarction
• Hair follicle regeneration and anti-hair-loss
• Anti-inflammatory (systemic)
• Wound healing acceleration
• Neuroprotection after brain injury
• Protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury
• Anti-aging at cellular level
• Synergizes powerfully with BPC-157

Mechanism of Action#

TB-4 functions by sequestering G-actin monomers (via its LKKTET actin-binding motif, which is the TB-500 fragment), preventing cytoskeletal collapse during injury and allowing cell migration for wound healing. Beyond actin dynamics, TB-4 promotes endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and keratinocyte migration, driving tissue repair. It activates survival pathways (Akt/ILK) in cardiac and neural cells, reducing apoptosis after ischemia. TB-4 also promotes stem cell differentiation and has anti-inflammatory effects via NF-κB inhibition. Its hair follicle regeneration activity is mediated by activation of hair follicle stem cells.

Dosing Protocols#

Side Effects#

• Generally very well tolerated
• Injection site reactions
• Mild fatigue at initiation (repair signaling)
• Rare: mild inflammatory response
• Potential hair darkening with chronic use

Contraindications#

Limited long-term human safety data. Use with caution in hormone-sensitive conditions. Not for use in cancer treatment without oncology supervision (angiogenic properties). Avoid in pregnancy.

Storage#

Lyophilized: -20°C. Reconstituted: 4°C, use within 14 days. Protect from light. More stable than most peptides if stored correctly.

Featured In Stacks#

1. 1.
   Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Control and BRAF/MEK Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Cells

   Simiczyjew A, Surman M, Kot M, Przybyło ME, Nowak D · Journal of proteome research · 2026PubMed Verified

2. 2.
   Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases

   Di H, Huang J, Zhang D, Ni F, Zheng R, Geng H · Peptides · 2026ReviewPubMed Verified

3. 3.
   A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding

   Keplinger AJ, Srinivasan PA, Christensen SM, Suarez C, Ruthenburg AJ · The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026PubMed Verified

4. 4.
   Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease

   Ou H, Chen R, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yang Z · International immunopharmacology · 2026PubMed Verified

5. 5.
   Thymosin β4 stabilizes hypoxia induced brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction through S1PR1 dependent mechanisms

   Stewart WG, Hejl CD, Guleria RS, Gupta S · Scientific reports · 2025PubMed Verified

6. 6.
   Thymosin β4 released by mast cells under stress conditions impairs intestinal epithelial barrier via IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 signaling in irritable bowel syndrome

   Sun YS, Bai XQ, Sun KD, Li J, Liu L, Chen YY et al. · World journal of gastroenterology · 2025PubMed Verified

7. 7.
   Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing

   Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, Queener H, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF · Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025PubMed Verified

8. 8.
   Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion

   Zhang Y, Dong Q, Bian X, Qiao Z, Cui C, Yang N et al. · Cardiovascular research · 2025PubMed Verified

9. 9.
   Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway

   Guo L, Wang H, Li N, Wang J, Yu M, Li Y et al. · Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025PubMed Verified

10. 10.
    Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution

    Jin Z, Li H, Li J, Chang Y, Piao Z, Jin Q et al. · Cellular signalling · 2025PubMed Verified

11. 11.
    Electron Capture Dissociation for Discovery Top-Down Proteomics of Peptides and Small Proteins on Chromatographic Time Scales

    Manly LS, Roberts AM, Beckman JS, Roberts BR · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2025PubMed Verified

12. 12.
    Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids

    Zeng PM, Sun XY, Li Y, Wu WD, Huang J, Cao DD et al. · Stem cell reports · 2025PubMed Verified

13. 13.
    Injectable Thymosin β4-Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Exosomes for Stem Cell Homing and Neuronic-Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupled Cranial Repair

    Xi Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Qiu B, Wang W, Xu G et al. · ACS nano · 2025PubMed Verified

14. 14.
    The Prognostic Significance of TMSB4X in Glioma Patients

    Li S, Fan T, Hao Z, Zhang Z, Han X, Li J et al. · International journal of general medicine · 2025PubMed Verified

15. 15.
    Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals

    Maar K, Thatcher JE, Karpov E, Rendeki S, Gallyas F Jr, Bock-Marquette I · International journal of molecular sciences · 2025PubMed Verified

16. 16.
    Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization

    Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q, Liu H, Shen Y, Zhu L et al. · Journal of inflammation research · 2025PubMed Verified

17. 17.
    Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing

    Ding Y, Wang J, Li J, Cheng Y, Zhou S, Zhang Y et al. · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025PubMed Verified

18. 18.
    Living myocardial slices as a model for testing cardiac pro-reparative gene therapies

    Caliandro R, Husetić A, Ligtermoet ML, Boender AR, Zentilin L, Boink GJJ et al. · Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025PubMed Verified

19. 19.
    Study of Intracellular Peptides of the Central Nervous System of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a Parkinson's Disease Model

    Fiametti LO, Franco CA, Nunes LOC, de Castro LM, Santos-Filho NA · International journal of molecular sciences · 2025PubMed Verified

20. 20.
    Retraction: The role of thymosin beta 4 on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells

    PLOS One Editors · PloS one · 2025PubMed Verified

21. 21.
    Plasmacytoid dendritic cells alleviate allergic asthma via airway epithelial cell-dependent thymosin β4 expression

    Li Y, Chen Z, Han M, Duan Z, Li R, Cui X et al. · The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025PubMed Verified

22. 22.
    Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics

    Lu Z, Liu Q, Fan Y, Xiao Q, Yin D, Li Y · Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025PubMed Verified

23. 23.
    CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway

    Zhang Q, Li H, Zhuang T, Xu L, Wu W, Pi J et al. · European heart journal · 2025PubMed Verified

24. 24.
    Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease

    Chen X, Zhang C, Peng F, Wu L, Zhuo D, Wang L et al. · Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025PubMed Verified

25. 25.
    Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway

    Zhang X, Lin Y, Li H, Wang Q, Mu D · Free radical biology & medicine · 2025PubMed Verified

26. 26.
    Inhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via TGF-β1 signalling pathway

    Yu R, Li S, Chen L, Hu E, Chai D, Liu Z et al. · The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology · 2025PubMed Verified

27. 27.
    TMSB4X is a regulator of inflammation-associated ferroptosis, and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

    Tang L, Jin Y, Wang J, Lu X, Xu M, Xiang M · Discover oncology · 2024PubMed Verified

28. 28.
    Proteomic analysis of the human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell secretome by integrated approaches via filter-aided sample preparation

    Muntiu A, Papait A, Vincenzoni F, Rossetti DV, Romele P, Cargnoni A et al. · Journal of proteomics · 2025PubMed Verified

29. 29.
    Thymosin β4 promotes zebrafish Mauthner axon regeneration by facilitating actin polymerization through binding to G-actin

    Song Z, Han A, Hu B · BMC biology · 2024PubMed Verified

30. 30.
    Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis

    Wang Y, Banga L, Ebrahim AS, Carion TW, Sosne G, Berger EA · Frontiers in immunology · 2024PubMed Verified

31. 31.
    Equine Doping Controls of Thymosin β 4: A Population Study and Strategy for Misuse Detection

    Delcourt V, Garcia P, Chabot B, Aber N, Pescher M, Cacault M et al. · Drug testing and analysis · 2025PubMed Verified

32. 32.
    Thymosin β(4) and β(10) Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review

    Faa G, Messana I, Coni P, Piras M, Pichiri G, Piludu M et al. · Cells · 2024ReviewPubMed Verified

33. 33.
    Therapeutic potential of thymosin beta 4 in a variety of diseases

    Ye C, Dai Q, Deng L, Huang H · Asian journal of surgery · 2024PubMed Verified

34. 34.
    The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides

    Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P, Xu Y, Bi Z, Ma F et al. · Nature neuroscience · 2024PubMed Verified

35. 35.
    Small Spleen Peptides (SSPs) Shape Dendritic Cell Differentiation through Modulation of Extracellular ATP Synthesis Profile

    Wixler V, Leite Dantas R, Varga G, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S · Biomolecules · 2024PubMed Verified

36. 36.
    The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides

    Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P, Xu Y, Bi Z, Ma F et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024PubMed Verified

37. 37.
    The fascinating theory of fetal programming of adult diseases: A review of the fundamentals of the Barker hypothesis

    Faa G, Fanos V, Manchia M, Van Eyken P, Suri JS, Saba L · Journal of public health research · 2024PubMed Verified

38. 38.
    In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

    Li W, Yang Y, Lin Y, Mu D · Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2024PubMed Verified

39. 39.
    Thymosin β4 Regulates the Differentiation of Thymocytes by Controlling the Cytoskeletal Rearrangement and Mitochondrial Transfer of Thymus Epithelial Cells

    Ying Y, Tao N, Zhang F, Wen X, Zhou M, Gao J · International journal of molecular sciences · 2024PubMed Verified

40. 40.
    Upregulated Tβ4 expression in inflammatory bowel disease impairs the intestinal mucus barrier by inhibiting autophagy in mice

    Hao M, Zhong K, Bai X, Wu S, Li L, He Y et al. · Experimental cell research · 2024PubMed Verified

41. 41.
    TMSB4X: A novel prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancer

    Yang Z, Luo J, Zhang M, Zhan M, Bai Y, Yang Y et al. · Heliyon · 2023PubMed Verified

42. 42.
    A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

    Ebrahim AS, Carion TW, Ebrahim T, Win J, Kani H, Wang Y et al. · Biosensors · 2023PubMed Verified

43. 43.
    Antioxioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of Thymosin β4 in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells via the 5-HTR1A/ERK axis

    Zhang GH, Chin KL, Yan SY, Pare R · PloS one · 2023PubMed Verified

44. 44.
    Thymosin β4 preserves vascular smooth muscle phenotype in atherosclerosis via regulation of low density lipoprotein related protein 1 (LRP1)

    Munshaw S, Redpath AN, Pike BT, Smart N · International immunopharmacology · 2023PubMed Verified

45. 45.
    Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome

    Li Q, Zhang Q, Kim YR, Gaddam RR, Jacobs JS, Bachschmid MM et al. · Nature communications · 2023PubMed Verified

46. 46.
    Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon

    Lin C, Qiu L, Wang P, Zhang B, Yan L, Zhao C · Fish & shellfish immunology · 2023PubMed Verified

47. 47.
    Targeted heart repair by Tβ4-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes

    Chen P, Pan Y, Ning X, Shi X, Zhong J, Fan X et al. · Acta biomaterialia · 2023PubMed Verified

48. 48.
    Thymosin β4 Alleviates Autoimmune Dacryoadenitis via Suppressing Th17 Cell Response

    Zhao X, Li N, Yang N, Mi B, Dang W, Sun D et al. · Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023PubMed Verified

49. 49.
    Detection and quantification of the metabolite Ac-Tβ(1-14) in in vitro experiments and urine of rats treated with Ac-Tβ4: A potential biomarker of Ac-Tβ4 for doping tests

    Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Hasan ML, Joung YK, Min H, Son J et al. · Drug testing and analysis · 2023PubMed Verified

50. 50.
    Targeted Deletion of Thymosin Beta 4 in Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model

    Kim J, Lee C, Han J, Jeong H, Wang S, Choi YH et al. · Cells · 2023PubMed Verified